Red Head Synspilum

Overview

• Scientific Name: Vieja melanura (formerly Vieja synspilum)
• Common Names: Red Head Synspilum, Red Head Vieja, Quetzal Cichlid
• Family: Cichlidae
• Origin: Central America, primarily in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala, where it inhabits slow-moving rivers and lakes.

Physical Characteristics

• Size: Red Head Viejas are large cichlids, reaching 12 to 14 inches (30 to 35 cm) in length, though some individuals can grow larger in optimal conditions.
• Coloration: Adult fish display a beautiful combination of red, orange, and yellow across their head and upper body, with a darker blue or black patterning toward the rear. Juveniles start with more subdued colors, which intensify as they mature.
• Body Shape: They have a slightly elongated, oval-shaped body with a high forehead, often developing a nuchal hump (a fatty lump on their head) as they age, especially in males.

Behavior

• Temperament: Red Head Synspilums are semi-aggressive. They can coexist with other large cichlids or robust fish but may become territorial, especially during breeding. They generally display dominance within the tank but aren't overly aggressive unless provoked or overcrowded.
• Sociability: While they are aggressive toward smaller or incompatible species, they can be kept in a community tank with other large Central American cichlids, catfish, or plecos.
• Activity Level: Red Head Viejas are active swimmers, often seen patrolling their territory or interacting with their environment. They also tend to dig in the substrate.

Habitat and Tank Requirements

• Tank Size: A large tank is necessary for this sizable species, with a minimum of 100 gallons for a single fish. If keeping more than one, especially in a community setup, 150 gallons or larger is recommended.
• Water Parameters:
  • Temperature: 75°F to 82°F (24°C to 28°C)
  • pH Level: 6.5 to 8.0 (neutral to slightly alkaline)
  • Water Hardness: 8 to 20 dGH
• Substrate: A sandy substrate is preferred, as they like to dig. Use rocks, driftwood, and large plants for decor, though avoid delicate plants, as these fish may uproot them.
• Tank Setup:
  • Rocks and caves are essential for hiding spots and territorial boundaries.
  • Good filtration is crucial due to their size and waste production.
  • Regular water changes are needed to maintain water quality.

Diet

• Feeding: Red Head Viejas are omnivores, and their diet should consist of:
  • High-quality cichlid pellets or flakes as the staple.
  • Live or frozen foods such as bloodworms, brine shrimp, earthworms, and crickets.
  • Vegetable matter like spirulina-based foods, peas, or zucchini should be included for balance.
• Feeding Frequency: Feed them once or twice a day in moderate quantities. Avoid overfeeding to maintain water quality and health.

Breeding

• Breeding Behavior: Red Head Synspilums are known to be pair-bonding cichlids that form strong monogamous relationships.
  • During breeding, they become highly territorial, and the pair will defend their chosen breeding area aggressively.
  • Females lay eggs on flat surfaces like rocks or in caves. Both parents participate in protecting and fanning the eggs.
  • Once the fry hatch, the parents will continue to guard them for a few weeks.

Compatibility

• Tank Mates: Given their size and temperament, it's best to house them with similarly sized, robust fish, such as:
  • Other large Central American cichlids (e.g., Jack Dempsey, Green Terror, and Oscar Cichlids)
  • Large catfish species like Plecos or Synodontis
  • Avoid small, timid, or delicate fish, as they may become stressed or harassed.

Lifespan

• Lifespan: With proper care, Red Head Synspilums can live up to 10 to 12 years or more.

Health Considerations

• Common Diseases: They are susceptible to typical freshwater fish diseases like Ich and fin rot. Stress, poor water quality, or inadequate tank size can lead to health issues.
• Prevention: Regular water changes, a balanced diet, and stable water parameters are essential to prevent disease.

Interesting Facts

1. Color Intensity: Their striking red and orange coloration intensifies with age and proper care, making adult specimens truly stand out in an aquarium.
2. Hybridization: Due to their popularity and hardiness, Red Head Synspilums have been hybridized with other cichlid species in captivity.
3. Regional Variations: Depending on where they are collected or bred, slight variations in color and pattern can occur among different populations.